Inner portions of young tender stalks make a spicy trail snack or salad herb. A candy was made from boiling the red part of the underground stem in different batches of

Cone shaped clusters of red berries of Staghorn (R. typhina) and Smooth (R. glabra) sumac may be licked like a lollipop for lemony thirst

Twigs from the White spruce (P. canadensis) was used by Chippewa in a decoction to steam stiff

A decoction of roots was sprinkled on hot stones and the smoke inhaled in Chippewa remedy for

The bark is used in medicines for sore throats. The inner bark, when mixed with water, produces a gummy slippery substance that can be used as a soothing

The powdered or dried root of the plant was used to sooth lung ailments including asthmatic and bronchial

Twigs boiled together and sprinkled on hot stones (or brewed into tea) for Rheumatism. In ceremony a sacred wood, known as a medicine

Soak edible leaves in salt water and boil until tender, seeds can be ground into a flour. A tea from the leaves relieved sore eyes. A charm from the powdered roots was used to prevent

Reeds were used to make woven frames for drying berries and were also used to make sewn mats for summer house cover. Western Native American duck hunting arrows utilized the Phragmites

A Chippewa decoction applied to cuts and wounds uses sections cut from trunk of a young White pine (P. strobus). The gum resin could be chewed for sore throats. The heated resin is used to draw out

In their final weeks of pregnancy Indian women drank a tea from the leaves to ease childbirth. Nursing mothers made a lotion from the leaves to relieve breast

The young greens may be used as a potherb if boiled and drained in several batches of fresh water. The seeds, separated from the rest of the fruit, can be eaten raw or as toppings on deserts, tastes

White (Q. alba) oak acorns are the most palatable. Boiling or soaking in water helps remove bitterness from the acorns of Red (Q. Rubra) and Black (Q. velutina) Oak